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Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper. Bronze only oxidizes superficially creating a copper oxide layer. Once this layer is formed, the underlying metal is protected from further corrosion. Bronze is known for its toughness and its resistance to corrosion.

Cast iron usually refers to grey iron; iron accounts for more than 95% by weight of the alloy material, while the main alloying elements are carbon and silicon. With its low melting point, good fluidity, cast-ability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons became an engineering material with a wide range of applications.

A Pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston or a diaphragm which develops the motive power. It keeps the air in the upper portion of the cylinder, allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the valve stem or rotate the valve control element.

Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or triple the input force. The larger the size of the piston, the larger the output pressure can be. Having a larger piston can also be good if air supply is low, allowing the same forces with less input. These pressures are large enough to crush objects in the pipe. On 100 kPa input, you could lift a small car (upwards of 1, 000 lbs) easily, and this is only a basic, small pneumatic valve. However, the resulting forces required of the stem would be too great and cause the valve stem to fail.

Ball valves are quarter-turn rotational motion valves that use a ball-shaped control element to stop or start flow. Ball valves are manufactured in different configurations, most commonly floating ball and trunnion-mounted ball valves.