United Magnet Technology Corp.

We manufacture motor rare earth magnets in various shapes, such as disc, cylinder, ring, square, arch, etc. Custom magnets, including NdFeB magnets used in motors, are made according to customers’ requirements. Like rare earth permanent magnets, ferrite magnetic materials for motors are widely used despite capacity of motor is very small (dBm) in power or very large (KVA) in size. With motor ferrite magnets, there is no need to install a magnetic winding or magnetizing exciter saving copper and electricity in addition to cost.

Iron oxide is used as the main material of these ceramic magnets, with strontium carbonate or barium carbonate used as an auxiliary material. These magnets are also manufactured by powder metallurgy. Ferrite magnets offer the most excellent cost performance of all magnets. Made of ceramics, these magnets are advantageous in terms of chemical stability and not being subject to rust. Since the temperature changes of Br are relatively large, these magnets require a design that allows for the temperature environment. The temperature changes of Hcj are opposite those of rare-earth magnets and other metal magnets, thereby requiring sufficient caution regarding demagnetization at low temperature. Ferrite Magnets can be isotropic or anisotropic. Isotropic Ferrite Magnets can be magnetised in any direction but have weaker magnetic properties. The Anisotropic Ferrite Magnets have a preferred direction of magnetisation within the structure and have strongest magnetic properties along that direction (they are more powerful than isotropic ferrite magnets). There are two chemical varieties of ferrite magnet. Strontium ferrite is known by two chemical symbols:- SrFe12O19 or SrO.6Fe2O3. Barium ferrite is also known by two chemical symbols BaFe12O19 or BaO.6Fe2O3. Ferrite Magnets (Ceramic Magnets) are produced by calcining (at between 1000 to 1350 degrees C) a mixture of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and strontium carbonate (SrCO3) or barium carbonate (BaCO3) to form a metallic oxide. In some grades, other chemicals such as cobalt (Co) and lanthanum (La) are added to improve the magnetic performance. This metallic oxide is then milled to a small particle size (less than a millimetre in size; usually a few microns). Then the process has two main production options depending on the type of magnet required. Simplified process:- SrCO3 + Fe2O3 > SrOFe2O3 + CO2 SrOFe2O3 + 5Fe2O3 > SrO.6(Fe2O3) BaCO3 + Fe2O3 > BaOFe2O3 + CO2 BaOFe2O3 + 5Fe2O3 > BaO.6(Fe2O3) The first is to press the dry fine powder in a die which results in an isotropic magnet (e.g. ferrite C1 grade) which has better dimensional tolerances (it will often not require any further machining to final size). The hexagonal crystal structure is random allowing the magnet to be magnetised in any direction afterwards. The second method involves mixing the fine powder with water to produce a slurry which is then compacted in a die in the presence of an externallyapplied magnetic field. The external magnetic field helps the hexagonal crystal structure align more perfectly with the magnetic field, improving the magnetic performance (e.g. ferrite C8) – the water in the slurry acts like a lubricant. This results in an anisotropic ferrite magnet with stronger magnetic properties but it will possibly require additional machining stages to give the final dimensions. Sometimes a wet extrusion is performed instead of wet die pressing (to make arcs for example) – the magnet is then cut to required after sintering (sintering is the next stage). The first method may also have an external magnetic field applied to produce anisotropic magnets as well (e.g. ferrite C5). The compacted magnets (“green” magnets) are then sintered (at a temperature between 1100-1300 degrees C) to fuse the particles together. If any final machining is performed, it is carried out using diamond cutting tools (wire spark erosion will not work because ferrite is electrically insulating). Quite often the magnetic pole faces are machinedground to the required finish and the other surfaces are left in an as-sintered state. The magnet is then washed and dried before being magnetised to saturation, inspected and packed for shipping to the customer. Ferrite magnets made by wet pressing have better magnetic properties but are more likely to have bigger dimensional tolerances. Dry anisotropic hard ferrite magnet has lower magnetic properties than wet anisotropic hard ferrite. As shown above, the magnets are made with tooling (dies). New shapes may require new tooling and, particularly for the anisotropic magnets, this tooling charge can be considerable. Where existing tools can be modified, this is done to keep costs for tooling as low as possible. Dimensional tolerances tend to be +- 0.25mm but +-3% is also used. It may be possible to produce down to even less than +-0.25mm but it depends on the grade and sizeshape required as to what is achievable. Tighter tolerances cost more as more machining may be required.

Majority of speaker magnets are made from ferrites, the cost is 10 times less than NdFeB magnets. More and more speaker magnets are made from NdFeB or NdNiCo. They are processed through sintering and electroplating. NdFeB magnets for speakers are used in high-quality speakers, compared with ferrite magnets, they are smaller in size and have larger magnetic induction strength (B).

These magnets are characterized by high magnetism, and are also resistant to both rust and high temperature. These magnets represent the highest magnetic energy product after neodymium magnets. They are also highly corrosion-resistant without being rustproofed and offer excellent temperature characteristics as well. These are rare-earth magnets resistant to high temperature.These sintered products consist mainly of samarium (Sm) and cobalt (Co), and are available with two kinds of material: 1-5 series and 2-17 series. The 1-5 series has high magnetic coercive force (Hcj), but is easy to magnetize and adjust magnetism. Magnets of this series also exhibit relatively stable performance under changing temperature. The 2-17 series has high magnetism and offers excellent temperature stability in magnetic characteristics as well. Samarium-cobalt magnets are relatively low in mechanical strength. Caution should therefore be exercised in handling these magnets to prevent chipping and cracking.

Microwave magnets can generate constant magnetic field to control electric current so that microwave signal is amplified and information can be smoothly transmitted. Microwave magnets are widely used in magnetrons, cathode-ray tubes, isolators

These magnets are made by combining plastics with metal powder having a combination (Nd-Fe-B) similar to that of sintered neodymium magnets and then forming the mixture. Since the magnets contain plastics, the magnetism is much lower. As formed like plastic, however, these magnets offer the advantage of being processed into thin products with high dimensional precision and products of complex shaping. Moreover, isotropic magnets are easily magnetized radially and can be magnetized in many varieties as well. Their temperature characteristics are a little lower than those of neodymium magnets, and are unsuited for use at 80°C or higher.